{ "id": 4659993, "name": "TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO, Appellee, v. VICENTE ARMIJO, Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "Territory of New Mexico v. Armijo", "decision_date": "1894-09-04", "docket_number": "No. 577", "first_page": "571", "last_page": "580", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "7 N.M. 571" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M.", "id": 8835, "name": "Supreme Court of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "46 Mo. 414", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo.", "case_ids": [ 8851911 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mo/46/0414-01" ] }, { "cite": "13 So. Rep. 14", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "So.", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "15" } ], "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "44 N. W. Rep. 679", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "69 Am. Dec. 351", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "Am. Dec.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "41 Miss. 453", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Miss.", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "20 Tex. 355", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Tex.", "case_ids": [ 2121307 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/tex/20/0355-01" ] }, { "cite": "12 Allen, 421", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Allen", "case_ids": [ 1196996 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mass/94/0421-01" ] }, { "cite": "14 Kan. 412", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Kan.", "case_ids": [ 66851 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/kan/14/0412-01" ] }, { "cite": "90 Mo. 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo.", "case_ids": [ 456746 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/mo/90/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "1 N. M. 387", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 8300786 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/1/0387-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 696, "char_count": 17555, "ocr_confidence": 0.443, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.5665824708185305e-07, "percentile": 0.6779207976990165 }, "sha256": "b6b3f773d27993c8a1d5de24edafa877e6417150bb5c6a49608aa94bcbb7513d", "simhash": "1:2234d1d24c9fbdb9", "word_count": 3049 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:22:03.407166+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Smith, C. J., and Freeman and Fall, JJ., concur." ], "parties": [ "TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO, Appellee, v. VICENTE ARMIJO, Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Laughlin, J.\nThe defendant, Vicente Armijo, was indicted by the grand jury at the October, 1893, term of the district court of the Second judicial district for Bernalillo county, charged with assault with a deadly weapon upon one Jose H. Gurule, which indictment is in words and figures, viz.:\n\u201cTerritory of New Mexico, county of Bernalillo\u2014 ss.: In the district court at the October term, A. D. 1893. The grand jury of the territory of New Mexico, taken from the body of the good and lawful men of Bernalillo county, in the territory of New Mexico, duly selected, impaneled, sworn, and charged at the October term, A. D. 1893, to inquire and due presentment make of all offenses against the laws of the territory of New Mexico committed within said county of Bernalillo, upon their oaths do present that Vicente Armijo, late .of the county of Bernalillo aforesaid, on or about the 3rd day of May, A. D. 1893, at the county of Bernalillo, territory of New Mexico, did, with a certain deadly weapon, to wit, a knife, feloniously make an assault on one Jose H. Gurule, and him, the said Jose H. Gurule, did then and there cut, stab, and wound, contrary to the form of the statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the territory of New Mexico.\u201d\nAt the March term, A. D. 1894, of the said district court, the defendant was arraigned, and entered his plea of not guilty as charged. A trial in due form was had, and the jury returned a verdict - of guilty, as charged in the indictment. On the incoming of the verdict, the defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which was by the court denied. The defendant then filed a motion in arrest of judgment which is in words and figures to wit: \u201cNow comes the defendant, by his attorney, and moves the court to arrest the judgment, for reasons apparent upon the record of said cause, to wit: (1) It appears that thegrand jury which returned the indictment in said cause was not a legally constituted body, and not competent in law to find the said indictment. (2) A large number, to wit, five, of the grand jurors aforesaid, were by law disqualified and incompetent to serve as members of the said grand jury; and, by reason thereof, the said indictment was and is insufficient and void to charge the defendant with the said alleged offense. (8) The indictment in said cause was and is insufficient in law, and the same does not sufficiently charge (and) the crime and offense. (4) The petit jury in said cause was not regularly constituted and was disqualified by law to hear and determine said alleged offense. (5) And for divers other errors and defects appearing upon the record of said court in said cause,\u201d \u2014 which motion by the court was overruled'and denied; and the court pronounced judgment on the defendant, and fixed his punishment at two years\u2019 confinement in the New Mexico penitentiary, from all of which rulings and judgment of the court the defendant appealed to this court, and assigned error as follows, to wit: \u201c(1) The court erred in refusing to sustain the motion in arrest of judgment, because the indictment is on its face void. (2) The court erred in refusing to grant a new trial, and also to sustain the motion in arrest of judgment, because the grand jury was illegally constituted. (3) The court erred in commenting on the weight of the evidence of the defendant, Vicente Armijo. (4) The court erred in refusing to instruct the jury to find the defendant not guilty at the conclusion of the testimony.\u201d .\nIt is not necessary to the disposition of this case to consider anything but the errors assigned in the motion in arrest of judgment. The first and second grounds set out in the motion refer to the qualifications of members of the grand jury who found and returned the indictment; and these objections come too late. If any objections to the legal qualifications of members of the grand jury existed, such objections should have been raised and presented in proper form to the court before the defendant entered his plea of not guilty to the merits, This proposition has been so often decided by this court that it is unnecessary here to refer to authorities on the subject. The fourth ground in the motion refers to some disqualification of members of the petit jury who found and returned the verdict of guilty. The disqualifications of petit jurors must be taken advantage of before the incoming of the verdict by challenge, and can not be raised for the first time on a motion for a new trial or in arrest of judgment, as any disqualification of petit jurors is cured by verdict, unless it shall be made to appear, affirmatively that any such disqualifications resulted to the prejudice of the defendant; and there is nothing in the record disclosing such a state of facts. The fifth ground in the motion is in terms general, and does not point out any specific or sufficient cause for review. This leaves for consideration only the third ground, and this goes to the sufficiency of the allegations as charged in the indictment, and it will be considered as it appears in the record.\n1. Tlh.e pleader evidently attempted to frame this indictment under Laws 1887, page 55, chapter 30, known as the \u201cDeadly Weapon Act;\u201d and it is insufficient and defective, because the offense charged does not come within the scope of any section of that act. The offenses and punishments provided for in that act are plainly set out, and the intent of the legislature may readily be comprehended from the title of the act itself. It was enacted for definite and specific purposes \u2014\u201cto prohibit the unlawful carrying and use of deadly weapons. All the offenses, and punishments therefor, are plainly set out and defined specifically in each section of the act, and by no process of reasoning can the intendment of that act be so construed as to apply to the offense as herein charged. A reading of the act in connection with the offense charged in the indictment is self-sufficient.\n2. The indictment is insufficient on its face, because there is no day certain alleged when the offense was committed. The indictment charges that \u201con or about the third day of May, A. D. 1893, at the county of Bernalillo * * *.\u201d The omission of a pleader to allege a day certain as the time when the offense as charged was committed is fatal at common law (1 Bish. Cr. Pr., sec. 390); and we have no statute changing that rule, and the allegation \u201con or about\u201d is fatal on a motion in arrest or on demurrer. It does not put the defendant on sufficient notice as to the time when he is charged with the commission of the crime. The exact time in such cases is an essential element, and a materia] allegation, and it must be specifically charged in the indictment, in order that the defendant may properly prepare his defense. In this allegation an alibi could not with a sufficient degree of accuracy be pleaded. It might occur that a defendant had engaged .in an altercation with the same person at the same place on two or even more successive days, but under very different circumstances, and to which his defense would be different, and an allegation in the indictment that \u201con or about\u201d a day named would not sufficiently advise him which offense he was required to answer.\n3. The indictment charges that the defendant, at the place named, \u201cdid with a certain deadly weapon, to wit, a knife, feloniously make an assault on one Jose H. G-urule,\u201d etc., but does not define or describe the kind or character of the knife. Any knife may be so used as to become a deadly weapon, but all knives are not in law \u201cdeadly weapons.\u201d The omission in this indictment to describe and define the kind of a knife is fatal, because, even if the crime charged come within the provision of the act above referred to, the allegation is insufficient. That act provides:\n\u201cSee. 8. Deadly weapons within the meaning of this act shall be construed to mean all kinds and classes of pistols, whether the same be a revolver, repeater, derringer, or any kind or class of pistol or gun; and any and all kinds of daggers, bowie knives, poniards, butcher knives, dirk knives, and all such weapons with which dangerous cuts can be given, or with which dangerous thrusts can be inflicted, including sword' canes, and any kind of sharp pointed canes; as also slung shots, bludgeons, or any other deadly weapons with which dangerous wounds can be inflicted.\u201d\nIt is evident that the kind and character of the knife should be described, as one of the class therein mentioned. The word \u201csuch\u201d qualifies the kind of knives, and the knife used, to bring the offense within the act, must belong to that class. It was never intended by the legislature to include in the class named ordinary pocket knives as deadly weapons. Besides, the indictment nowhere charges that the knife used was one '\u201cwith which dangerous cuts could be given, or with which dangerous thrusts can be inflicted,\u201d and such an allegation was required.\n4. The indictment is insufficient, because it nowhere charged that the assault was made unlawfully. This is, in this indictment, a fatal omission, but it seems to have escaped the attention of the defense, as it is not alluded to in the brief, nor was it discussed on the oral argument. The indictment charged that the defendant \u201cdid, with a certain deadly weapon, to wit, a knife, feloniously make an assault on one Jose H. Glurule, * * *\u201d but did not charge that the defendant \u201cdid unlawfully assault,\u201d etc. The offense as charged and the punishment as defined by our laws is a statutory crime, and it is necessary that the pleader, in drawing indictments, use the language of the statute applicable to the offense as defined by the statute. It is insufficient to use other or different words than provided by statute when such words are material in defining the offense or in fixing the punishment. The act of the legislature under which this indictment was found nowhere uses the word \u201cfeloniously.\u201d But the act (section 2) says: \u201cAny person who shall draw a deadly weapon on another * * * except it be in the lawful defense of himself, his family, or his property, or under legal authority * * Section 3 provides that \u201cany person who shall unlawfully assault or strike at another with a deadly weapon * * And section 4 provides that \u201cany person who shall unlawfully draw, flourish, or discharge a rifle, gun, or pistol within the limits of any settlement in this territory, * * * except the same be done by lawful authority, or in the lawful defense of himself, his family, or his property * * It will be seen here that the words \u201clawful\u201d and \u201cunlawfully\u201d are used in the statute. \u201cFeloniously\u201d is a technical word, which at common law was essential to every indictment for a felony charging the offense to have been committed feloniously, and no other word or circumlocution could supply its place; and it is still necessary in this territory (as the crime as here charged may be a felony under our statute) in describing a common law felony, or where its use became necessary by statute. 1 Bouv. Law Dict., and authorities there cited. In Territory v. Miera, 1 N. M. 387, Chief Justice Benedict, speaking for the court, said: \u201cBy using the word \u2018unlawfully\u2019 in the statute, the legislature intended to discriminate between acts of violence which m\u00e1y be lawful and those which are not. To the evident intention disclosed the indictment in this case should have conformed. The omission was a substantial omission, and the court below decided properly in arresting the judgment.\u201d The word \u201cfeloniously,\u201d as used in the indictment, can not be used to supply the omission of the word \u201cunlawfully,\u201d because the statute specially provides that assaults may be committed in defense of his person or property, etc. The laws of the territory are ample and sufficient to apprehend and punish such offenses as herein charged, and this court can not sustain insufficient indictments for felonies by which persons may be deprived of life and liberty. Every man has a constitutional right to a fair and impartial trial under the laws of the land, and it is the duty of pleaders to pursue the law in their pleadings, and it is the duty of the courts to construe statutes defining offenses known as punishments for such crimes strictly; otherwise, there would be a want of accuracy and certainty, which would result in a failure of justice in the courts.\nFor the above reasons, the judgment of the lower court is reversed, and the cause remanded, with an order to the court below to enter judgment sustaining the motion in arrest of judgment; and it is so ordered.\nSmith, C. J., and Freeman and Fall, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "Laughlin, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Warren, Ferg-usson & Bruner for appellant.", "Edward L. Bartlett, solicitor general, for the territory." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "[No. 577.\nSeptember 4, 1894.]\nTERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO, Appellee, v. VICENTE ARMIJO, Appellant.\nCriminal Law \u2014 Assault with Deadly Weapon \u2014 Objections to Grand Jurors Must be Made, When. \u2014 In a prosecution, on indictment for making an assault with a deadly weapon, objections to members of the grand jury finding such indictment, must be made and presented to the trial court in proper form before the defendant has entered his plea of not guilty as charged in the indictment; it is too late to raise such objections for the first time on a motion in arrest of judgment.\nId. \u2014 Petit Jurors, Objections to, When to be Raised. \u2014 Nor, in such ease, can objections to the petit jury, on the ground of the legal disqualification and incompeteney of its members, be raised for the first time on a motion for new trial or in arrest of judgment. If any such disqualification exists, it must be taken advantage of, by challenge, before verdict; otherwise, such disqualification will be cured by the verdict, unless it shall be shown affirmatively that the defendant has been prejudiced thereby.\nId'.' \u2014 Sufficiency of Indictment \u2014 Pleading\u2014Motion in Arrest of Judgment. \u2014 Where, in such prosecution, the indictment, charged that the defendant, \u201con or about\u201d a certain day, \u201cdid, with a certain deadly weapon, to wit, a knife, feloniously make an assault on\u201d the deceased, without describing the kind of knife, and without alleging that the knife used was one \u201cwith which dangerous cuts could be given, or with which dangerous thrusts can be inflicted,\u201d \u2014 Held: The iiMictment was insufficient on its face. In all such cases the exact time of the commission of the offense charged is an essential element, and material allegation, and must be specifically alleged, or it willbe fatal on motion in arrest, or on demurrer.\n2. The indictment was also fatally defective, under the statute, in failing to describe the character of knife charged to have been used, so as to show whether it was one of \u201csuch weapons\u201d enumerated in the statute, necessary to bring the offense within its terms, and in failing to allege that it was one \u201cwith which dangerous cuts could be given, or with which dangerous thrusts can be inflicted.\u201d Laws, 1887, ch. 30, sec. 8.\n3. The indictment was defective also in failing to charge that the assault was \u201cunlawfully\u201d made. The offense charged being a statutory offense it was necessary to follow the language of the statute applicable to the offense as defined by the statute. Id., secs. 2, 3, 4.\nAppeal, from a judgment of the Second Judicial District Court, Bernalillo County, convicting the defendant of an assault with a deadly weapon.\nJudgment reversed.\nThe facts are stated in the opinion of the court.\nWarren, Ferg-usson & Bruner for appellant.\nWhere a statute enumerates particular classes of persons or things followed by general words, the general words will be limited in their meaning and restricted in their operation to objects of like kind with those specified. State v. Bryant, 90 Mo. 534.\nAn indictment is bad, under section 8, chapter 30, of the Laws of 1887, which charges an assault with a knife, just as an indictment would be bad, under the first section of that act, which fixes a heavy penalty for carrying a deadly weapon \u2014 for \u201ccarrying a deadly weapon, to wit, a knife.\u201d\nPenal and criminal statutes are to be strictly construed in those parts which are against persons charged with their violation, but liberally construed in those parts which are in their favor. State v. Bryant, 90 Mo. 534; Covington v. MeNickle, 18 B. Mon. (Ky.) 262; Long v. Culp, 14 Kan. 412; Dolan v. Thomas, 12 Allen, 421; Cain v. State, 20 Tex. 355'; State v. Macon Co. Court, 41 Miss. 453; 4 Am. and Eng. Encyclopedia of Law, p. 643.\nA statute must be strictly followed in statutory indictment. Bish. Cr. PI. and Pr., sec. 612, and note.\nAn irregularly constituted grand jury may be taken advantage of by motion in arrest of judgment. Miller v. State, 69 Am. Dec. 351.\nA statute, as to drawing grand jury, must be sub-stantially complied with. State v. Bicky, 44 N. W. Rep. 679.\nAn indictment by an illegally constituted grand jury is void. State v. Boyd, 13 So. Rep. 14; State v. Harris, Id. 15.\nSection 2055, Compiled Laws, provides that the court shall not, in its charge, comment on the weight of the evidence. This section of the statute is taken from the Missouri statute (Wagner, 1106), which contains the same provision. State v. Hundley, 46 Mo. 414.\nThe court erred in refusing to x>eremptorily instruct the jury to find the defendant not guilty upon the conclusion of the testimony, the question whether a given weapon is a deadly weapon within the meaning of the statute, being a question of law for \u2018the court. 2 Bish. Crim. PI. and Pr. 680; State v. Collins, 8 Ire. 391; State v. Crayton, 6 Id. 164.\nEdward L. Bartlett, solicitor general, for the territory." }, "file_name": "0571-01", "first_page_order": 593, "last_page_order": 602 }