{ "id": 2852270, "name": "Paul L. GRAY and Roger Gray, Petitioners, v. Luis E. ARMIJO, Judge of the Fourth Judicial District Court of the State of New Mexico, Respondent", "name_abbreviation": "Gray v. Armijo", "decision_date": "1962-06-18", "docket_number": "No. 6874", "first_page": "245", "last_page": "254", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "70 N.M. 245" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "372 P.2d 821" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M.", "id": 8835, "name": "Supreme Court of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "110 A.L.R. 1", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "40 N.M. 397", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 8842156 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/40/0397-01" ] }, { "cite": "63 N.M. 250", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2775660 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/63/0250-01" ] }, { "cite": "34 N.M. 61", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1556070 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/34/0061-01" ] }, { "cite": "180 P. 294", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "25 N.M. 240", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 4732352 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/25/0240-01" ] }, { "cite": "326 U.S. 310", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6157001 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/326/0310-01" ] }, { "cite": "69 N.M. 488", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2788197 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/69/0488-01" ] }, { "cite": "41 N.M. 22", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1571472 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/41/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "185 P. 780", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "25 N.M. 459", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 4736487 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/25/0459-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 A.L.R. 995", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "39 N.M. 44", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1573398 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/39/0044-01" ] }, { "cite": "120 A.L.R. 250", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "43 N.M. 27", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1568244 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/43/0027-01" ] }, { "cite": "46 N.M. 241", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1563070 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/46/0241-01" ] }, { "cite": "10 A.L.R.2d 966", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "53 N.M. 198", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1580771 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/53/0198-01" ] }, { "cite": "56 N.M. 242", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1584800 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/56/0242-01" ] }, { "cite": "185 F.Supp. 48", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 1443359 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/185/0048-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 N.W.2d 622", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2 Wis.2d 350", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wis. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8678226 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wis-2d/2/0350-01" ] }, { "cite": "355 U.S. 220", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6164156 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1957, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "224" }, { "page": "201" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/355/0220-01" ] }, { "cite": "257 F.2d 83", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 454580 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1957, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "85" }, { "page": "85" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/257/0083-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 CCA 1958", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "C.C.A.", "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "143 N.E.2d 673", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "11 Ill.2d 378", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2785531 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/11/0378-01" ] }, { "cite": "303 F.2d 290", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 250825 ], "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/303/0290-01" ] }, { "cite": "183 F.Supp. 446", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 1448994 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/183/0446-01" ] }, { "cite": "78 A.L.R.2d 388", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "345 P.2d 921", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "52 Cal.2d 822", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4384102 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-2d/52/0822-01" ] }, { "cite": "311 U.S. 457", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6141572 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/311/0457-01" ] }, { "cite": "259 P.2d 905", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "41 Cal.2d 306", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. 2d", "case_ids": [ 12127120 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-2d/41/0306-01" ] }, { "cite": "251 P.2d 358", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1953, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "75 N.W.2d 172", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10803764 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "178" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/75/0172-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 N.E.2d 686", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "690" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "415 Ill. 591", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2683993 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "597" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/415/0591-01" ] }, { "cite": "82 A.L.R. 765", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "180 N.E. 301", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "278 Mass. 432", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 859480 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/278/0432-01" ] }, { "cite": "155 N.E. 445", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "258 Mass. 531", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 3821776 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/258/0531-01" ] }, { "cite": "119 F. Supp. 129", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 4242022 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/119/0129-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 A.2d 255", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "48 Del. 122", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Del.", "case_ids": [ 452929 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/del/48/0122-01" ] }, { "cite": "9 Terry 122", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Terry", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "151 S.E. 725", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "198 N.C. 369", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8609191 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/198/0369-01" ] }, { "cite": "51 N.M. 311", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1578356 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/51/0311-01" ] }, { "cite": "48 N.M. 253", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1560814 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/48/0253-01" ] }, { "cite": "65 N.M. 21", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2846209 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/65/0021-01" ] }, { "cite": "52 N.M. 382", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1579509 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/52/0382-01" ] }, { "cite": "42 N.M. 438", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1569657 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/42/0438-01" ] }, { "cite": "214 P.2d 579", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "28 N.M. 472", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 8842678 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/28/0472-01" ] }, { "cite": "51 N.M. 427", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1578315, 1578139 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/51/0427-01", "/nm/51/0427-02" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1029, "char_count": 22066, "ocr_confidence": 0.738, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.037375317836073e-07, "percentile": 0.9072685318719353 }, "sha256": "7c85c710f4909b94e38a2c6c3d054273d04a6907bc4de1eacec199427769d7e2", "simhash": "1:94acf21e1e121892", "word_count": 3700 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:50:52.194101+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "COMPTON, C. J., and CARMODY, MOISE, and NOBLE, JJ., concur." ], "parties": [ "Paul L. GRAY and Roger Gray, Petitioners, v. Luis E. ARMIJO, Judge of the Fourth Judicial District Court of the State of New Mexico, Respondent." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "CHAVEZ, Justice.\nThis case comes before us on petition of Paul L. Gray and Roger Gray for a writ of prohibition against Luis E. Armijo, Judge of the Fourth Judicial District Court of the State of New Mexico, respondent.\nJudy Terry, a minor, by Roland Terry, her father and next friend, plaintiffs, filed suit in cause No. 6016, Guadalupe County, New Mexico, against petitioners, Paul Gray and Roger Gray, defendants, seeking damages arising out of an automobile accident which occurred south of Santa Rosa on or about June 21, 1957. Plaintiffs\u2019 complaint also alleged that by the operation of the motor vehicle on the highways of New Mexico, petitioners were subject to the provisions of \u00a7 21-3-16, N.M.S.A., 1953 Comp., and submitted themselves to the jurisdiction of the courts of New Mexico.\nPetitioners-defendants, Paul L. Gray and Roger Gray, will be referred to as \u201cpetitioners\u201d and plaintiffs, Judy Terry, a minor, and Roland Terry, her father and next friend, will be referred to as \u201cplaintiffs.\u201d\nPetitioners were served with copy of summons and complaint \u2022 in Honolulu, Hawaii, on or about August 9, 1960, pursuant to \u00a7 21-3-16, supra. Petitioners appeared specially and filed a motion to quash service of process. After a hearing, the trial court (respondent) overruled petitioners\u2019 motion. Thereafter, petition for writ of prohibition was filed in this court and the alternative writ issued.\nThe following undisputed facts are pertinent: (a) The automobile accident occurred in Guadalupe County, New Mexico, on June 21, 1957; (b) petitioners were residents of New Mexico at the time of the accident and their motor vehicle was involved in said accident on the highways of New Mexico; (c) Sec. 21-3-16, supra, was enacted by Ch. 153 of the 1959 Legislature which became effective on June 12, 1959; (d) thereafter plaintiffs filed suit against petitioners and service of process was made under \u00a7 21-3-16, supra, on or about August 9, 1960.\nThe question presented in this case involves the construction of \u00a7 21-3-16, supra, which provides:\n\u201c21-3-16. Personal service of process outside state \u2014 Business transacted in state \u2014 Operation of motor vehicle upon state highway \u2014 Tort committed within state \u2014 Insurance Contract. \u2014 A. Any person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this state, who in person or through an agent does any of the acts enumerated in this subsection thereby submits himself or his personal representative to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state as to any'cause of action arising from:\n\u201c(1) The transaction of any business within this state;\n\u201c(2) The ope\u2019ration of a motor vehicle upon the highways of this state;\n\u201c(3) The commission of a tortious act within this state; or\n\u201c(4) Contracting to insure any person, property or risk located within this state at the time of contracting.\n\u201cB. Service of process may be made upon any person subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state under this section by personally serving the summons upon the defendant outside this state and such service has the same force and effect as though service had been personally made within this state.\n\u201cC. Only causes of action arising from acts enumerated in this section may be asserted against a defendant in an action in which jurisdiction is based upon this section.\n\u201cD. Nothing contained in this section limits or affects the right to serve any process in any other manner now or hereafter provided by law.\u201d\nPrior to the enactment of \u00a7 21-3-16, supra, our legislature, in 1931, had enacted a statute known as the \u201cNonresident Motorist Act,\u201d \u00a7\u00a7 64-24-3 and 64-24^4, N.M.S.A., 1953 Comp., which provided the procedure for substituted service on nonresident motorists committing a tort within the state. This statute applied to persons who were nonresidents at the time of the actual occurrence of the tort, but did not apply to persons who were residents of the state at the time of the commission of the tort but who were nonresidents at the time that the action was brought. It became apparent that an inequity existed where a resident of this state committed a tort within New Mexico and then left the state before suit was filed. This court recognized this situation in Fisher v. Terrell, (1947), 51 N.M. 427, 187 P.2d 387. Thus the 1959 Act applied to \u201cAny person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this state * * *.\u201d\nPetitioners contend that \u00a7 21-3-16, supra, cannot be applied retroactively. They cite many of our cases which hold that statutes are presumed to operate prospectively only and will not be given retrospective effect unless such intention on the part of the legislature is clearly apparent. Gallegos v. Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry. Co., 28 N.M. 472, 214 P.2d 579; Wilson v. New Mexico Lumber & Timber Co., 42 N.M. 438, 81 P.2d 61; Board of Education of City of Las Vegas v. Boarman, 52 N.M. 382, 199 P.2d 998; Davis v. Meadors-Cherry Co., 65 N.M. 21, 331 P.2d 523.\nPetitioners concede that an exception to the^ above.rule is'stated in' Wilson v. New Mexico Lumber & Timber Co., supra, wherein we stated:\n\u201cThe general rule is that statutes, except those dealing with remedial procedure, are to be construed as prospective rather than retrospective unless there is a clear legislative intention to the contrary. * * * \u201d\nThe question then arises as to whether the statute is procedural \u00f3r substantive in nature. Petitioners contend that the statute in question creates substantive rights and is not procedural. In Johnson v. Terry, 48 N.M. 253, 149 P.2d 795, we held that the rule of court relating to replevin was invalid because it was not merely procedural, but instead was judicial legislation and of no effect. In that case we defined substantive law as follows:\n\u201c * * * substantive law, speaking broadly, is that which creates duties, rights, and obligations * *\nIn State v. Arnold, 51 N.M. 311, 183 P.2d 845, we held that reducing the time for allowance of appeals from six to three months involved procedural and not a substantive change. We said:\n\u201c * * * The creating of a right of appeal is a matter of substantive law and outside the province of the court\u2019s rule making power. Nevertheless, once the legislature has authorized the ap- \u25a0 peal, reasonable regulations affecting the time and manner of taking and perfecting the same are procedural and within this court\u2019s rule making power.\u201d\nPetitioners cite cases from other jurisdictions such as Ashley v. Brown, 198 N.C. 369, 151 S.E. 725; Monacelli v. Grimes, 9 Terry 122, 48 Del. 122, 99 A.2d 255; and Guerra de Chapa v. Allen, D.C., 119 F. Supp. 129, which tend to hold that statutes permitting service of process on nonresident motorists are not merely procedural. However, in the Ashley case the court followed Paraboschi v. Shaw, 258 Mass. 531, 155 N.E. 445, since the North Carolina statute was adopted from that of Massachusetts. Under the Massachusetts and North Carolina statute the court considered that by the operation of a motor vehicle within the particular state such operator consented to the appointment of an agent for service of process. Both of the above courts based their decision not to give the statute retrospective effect on the legal theory that appointment of an agent for service of process created and imposed a contractual obligation and thus created substantive \u25a0 rights which did not exist prior to the enactment of the statute. Duggan v. Ogden, 278 Mass. 432, 180 N.E. 301, 82 A.L.R. 765.\nThe question of consent to the appointment of an agent for service of process, or the imposition of a contractual obligation, is not present in the New Mexico statute before us. The cases of Monacelli v. Grimes, supra, Guerra de Chapa v. Allen, supra, and other cases cited by petitioners, are distinguishable from the case before us as the New Mexico statute in question does not provide for service of process on a statutory agent impliedly appointed or agreed to by virtue of the statute. No contracts are involved in this case. As to vested rights, there are none in a particular remedy or method of procedure. Ogdon v. Gianakos, 415 Ill. 591, 597, 114 N.E.2d 686, 690; Kessler v. Thompson (N.D.1956), 75 N.W.2d 172, 178.\nPetitioners also cite Allen v. Superior Court (Cal.App.1952), 251 P.2d 358. That case was reversed by the Supreme Court of California in a subsequent opinion, Allen v. Superior Court (1953), 41 Cal.2d 306, 259 P.2d 905. In the Allen case, Irving and Jeanette Bromberg sued Robert W. Allen for damages arising out of an automobile accident which occurred in California on November 1, 1947. Thereafter, Allen moved to Oregon where he was personally served with summons and complaint on May 3, 1952. On May 29, 1952, Allen appeared specially and filed a motion to quash on the ground that the court had not acquired jurisdiction of him because the action was in personam,. The trial court denied the motion. Allen then challenged the propriety of that denial by seeking a writ of prohibition to restrain the Superior Court of Los Angeles County from taking any further proceedings in said action.\nThe California statute provides that a person who \u201cresides out of the State; or has departed from the State; or cannot, after due diligence, be found within the State; or conceals himself to avoid the service of summons\u201d is subject to service by publication. Code of Civ.Proc. \u00a7 412. Under such circumstances, personal service outside the state is declared to be \u201cequivalent to publication.\u201d Ibid., \u00a7 413. Section 417 of the Code of Civil Procedure, enacted in 1951, provides:\n\u201cWhere jurisdiction is acquired over a person who is outside of this State by publication of summons in accordance with Sections 412 and 413, the court shall have the power to render a personal judgment against such person only if he was personally served with a copy of the summons and complaint, and was a resident of this State (a) at the time of the commencement of the action, or (b) at the time that the cause of action arose, or (c) at the time of service.\u201d\nIn the latter Allen case (259 P.2d 905), the court stated:\n\u201c * * * \u2018Where jurisdiction is acquired over a person who is outside of this State by publication of summons in accordance with Sections 412 and 413, the court shall have the power to render' a personal judgment against such person only if he was personally served with a copy of the summons and complaint, and was a resident of this State at the time of the commencement of the action or at the time of service/ Stats.1951, ch. 935, p. 2537; effective September 22, 1951. As so based on the broad authority of sections 412 and 413, section 417 is manifestly designed to restrict the power of the court if a personal judgment is to be entered. Thus its operation is made dependent on defendant\u2019s residence within the state either at the time of commencement of the action or time of service, and on his personal service with summons.\n* * * * * *\n\u201cPetitioner questions the applicability of section 417 to the present case and argues that this section can have no retrospective operation so as to affect pending litigation. He takes the position that since section 417 did not take effect until some three years after the commencement of the action and at a time when he admittedly was not a resident of this state, it can have no significance here. But as above discussed, California at all times under sections 412 and 413 of the Code of Civil Procedure had the power to obtain in personam jurisdiction over petitioner for the purposes of this action by means of such service of process as would satisfy the requirements of due process. Then section 417, as a clarifying statute, set forth the restrictive conditions under which this state would assert in personam jurisdiction, thereby leaving no doubt that this state was conforming in this regard with \u2018traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice * * * implicit in due process * * *.\u2019 Mil-liken v. Meyer, supra, 311 U.S. 457 at page 463, 61 S.Ct. [339] at page 343, [85 L.Ed. 278.] As so construed, section 417 may reasonably apply to pending as well as future litigation. In this respect it is not to be regarded as a retroactive law, and petitioner\u2019s argument correlating the section with objectionable retrospective legislation effecting an impairment of vested rights, 11 Am.Jur. sec. 368, p. 1197 et seq., is without merit.\u201d\nOur rule, \u00a7 21-1-1(4) (k), N.M.S.A., 1953 Comp., makes personal service of summons outside the state equivalent to publication and mailing as provided in \u00a7 21-1-1(4) (g) and (j), just as was true in California under the Code of Civil Procedure, \u00a7 413. Accordingly, when \u00a7 21-3-16, supra, became effective, the statutory situation here was identical with that present in California after adoption of the Code of Civil Procedure, \u00a7 417, discussed in the Allen case. See also Owens v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County, (1959), 52 Cal.2d 822, 345 P.2d 921, 78 A.L.R.2d 388.\nIn 72 C.J.S. Process \u00a7 25, p. 1022, service of process is defined as follows:\n\u201cService of process is the giving of such actual or constructive notice of a suit or other legal proceeding to defendant as makes him a party thereto, and compels him to appear or suffer judgment by default; and \u2018service\u2019 in this connection means the execution of process or the particular act of the officer by which the copy of the citation was communicated. Service of process is a matter of adjective law, since it relates to, and deals with, the mechanics of practice and procedure, the legal machinery by which the substantive law is made effective. The service of a summons is ministerial and not judicial in its nature.\u201d\nA negligence case, similar to the case before us, arose in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington. Teague v. Damascus (1960), 183 F.Supp. 446. The state of Washington had adopted the Illinois statute in 1959 and even though the Supreme Court of Washington had not passed upon the statute, the Federal District Court proceeded to construe the statute, just as the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals construed our statute in Clews v. Stiles, No. 6401, filed October 28, 1960, 303 F.2d 290. The Federal District Court for Washington followed the construction placed upon the statute by the state of Illinois in Nelson v. Miller (1957), 11 Ill.2d 378, 143 N.E.2d 673, and held that service of process is remedial and that the statute had retroactive application. It cited with approval Bluff Creek Oil Co. v. Green (5 CCA 1958 Texas), 257 F.2d 83, 85; McGee v. International Life Ins. Co., 355 U.S. 220, 224, 78 S.Ct. 199, 201, 2 L.Ed.2d 223. See also Steffen v. Little (1957), 2 Wis.2d 350, 86 N.W.2d 622.\nIn Lone Star Motor Import, Inc. v. Citroen Cars Corp. (D.C.S.D.Texas 1960), 185 F.Supp. 48, the court had before it the question of whether jurisdiction based on substituted service of process under a Texas statute was a remedial or procedural matter. In passing upon this question the court quoted with approval from Bluff Creek Oil Company v. Green, supra (257 F.2d 83, 85), concerning a 1955 Illinois process statute, as follows:\n\u201c * * * the service of process statute did not add to or create new liabilities which were then sought to be retrospectively asserted. What the process law does is merely provide for the effectual assertion of that right, a means of doing so through local courts. As a remedial, procedural statute, it could constitutionally apply to supply effective machinery for the assertion of existing substantive rights which, of course, on Green\u2019s Illinois State Court complaint came into being as a result of the transactions in 1951.\u201d. \u2022\nPetitioners also argue that the courts of the adopting state are not bound to accept the construction placed on the statute by the courts of the state from which it was adopted. Petitioners cite Smith v. Meadows, 56 N.M. 242, 242 P.2d 1006; McDonald v. Senn, 53 N.M. 198, 204 P.2d 990, 10 A.L.R.2d 966; White v. Montoya, 46 N.M. 241, 126 P.2d 471: McDonald v. Lambert, 43 N.M. 27, 85 P.2d 78, 120 A.L.R. 250; State v. Reed, 39 N.M. 44, 39 P.2d 1005, 102 A.L.R. 995; and Beals v. Ares, 25 N.M. 459, 185 P. 780. Section 21-3-16, supra, with one exception not material, was adopted verbatim from the state of Illinois. This court has followed the general rule of construction that where one state adopts a statute of another state there is a presumption that it likewise adopts the construction of the statute by the courts of the state from which it was adopted. Hogsett v. Hanna, 41 N.M. 22, 63 P.2d 540; McDonald v. Lambert, supra; White v. Montoya, supra; Smith v. Meadows, supra.\nThis court, in Melfi v. Goodman, 69 N.M. 488, 368 P.2d 582, in upholding the constitutionality of the very statute which is before us, said:\n\u201c * * * our statute was adopted from the Illinois statutes, Chapter 110, \u00a7 17, Smith-Hurd Illinois Statutes Annotated. In adopting the statute, it is presumed that the New Mexico Legislature also adopted the prior construction of the statute by the highest courts of Illinois. * * * \u201d\nIn Melfi v. Goodman, supra, we cited Nelson v. Miller, supra, which considered the identical question before us and interpreted the Illinois statute. That case contained prior construction to the effect that the Illinois act merely established a new mode of obtaining jurisdiction of the person of the defendant in order to secure existing rights, which in themselves were not affected by the change, and that the same was applicable to rights of action which had arisen before the act was adopted. It is true that the Illinois interpretation would not apply in a pending case because of our constitutional provision, Art. IV, \u00a7 34; however, except for this difference there is no reason for a different result in the case before us.\nPetitioners also contend that if \u00a7 21-3-16, supra, is applied retrospectively, that it affects substantial rights in.violation of \u00a7 I, Fourteenth Amendment, U.S.Constitution, and \u00a7 18, Art. 2, of the New Mexico Constitution.\nPetitioners concede that no constitutional question is involved in the prospective application of the statute. International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95. Petitioners\u2019 position depends upon a showing that the statute grants substantive rights. The question raised under this point has been disposed of under our holding hereinbefore discussed.\nAnother of petitioners\u2019 points is that assuming that \u00a7 21-3-16, supra, is procedural and if applied prospectively, such application will violate Art. IV, \u00a7 34, of our constitution, which provides:\n\u201cNo act of the legislature shall affect the right or remedy of either party, or change the rules of evidence or procedure, in any pending case.\u201d\nPetitioners argue that since the statute was not in effect when the accident occurred on June 21, 1957, the right or remedy was affected by the statute. This contention has also been disposed of under our holding in this opinion. Petitioners argue that even though the suit was not filed until after the statute became effective, the term \u201cpending case\u201d is not confined only to a suit pending on the docket of some court. We disagree. There was no pending case between the parties at the time of the enactment of \u00a7 21-3-16, supra, in 1959, and plaintiffs did not file their suit until July, 1960.\nAs to what constitutes a \u201cpending case\u201d see Stockard v. Hamilton, 25 N.M. 240, 180 P. 294. See also State ex rel. State Tax Com. v. Faircloth, 34 N.M. 61, 277 P. 30.\nPetitioners\u2019 final point is that if the statute in question is procedural, it is an unconstitutional' invasion of the judicial branch in violation of Art. Ill, New Mexico Constitution, which provides:\n\u201cSection 1. [Separation of departments.]\n\u201cThe powers of the government of this state are divided into three distinct departments, the legislative, executive and judicial, and no person or collection of persons charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments, shall exercise any powers properly belonging to either of the others, except as in this Constitution otherwise expressly directed or permitted.\u201d\nIt is contended that if the statute here involved be considered procedural, in effect it violates the foregoing provisions of the New Mexico Constitution.\nIn support of this point petitioners cite State ex rel. Hovey Concrete Prod. Co. v. Mechem, 63 N.M. 250, 316 P.2d 1069, and State v. Roy, 40 N.M. 397, 60 P.2d 646, 110 A.L.R. 1. State v. Roy, supra, involved the construction of Ch. 84, Laws of 1933, which conferred power on the court to adopt rules of pleading, practice and procedure. We held that Ch. 84, Laws of 1933, was not unconstitutional in that it did not attempt to delegate exclusive legislative powers to the judicial branch.\nThe case of State v. Mechem, supra, is not similar to the situation before us. That case involved the Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act, Ch. 246, Laws of 1957, and we held that the Act was unconstitutional because it violated Art. VI, \u00a7 1, of our constitution which fixes a limitation on the creation of courts except as provided by this constitutional provision, in that it was a legislative attempt to create an executive agency clothed with judicial power on a parity with the district courts, and to invest it with statewide jurisdiction. We held that this could not be done. Neither of these cases are of help to petitioners.\nThe fiction of the district court is affirmed and the alternative writ of prohibition heretofore issued is hereby set aside and ordered discharged.\nIT IS SO ORDERED.\nCOMPTON, C. J., and CARMODY, MOISE, and NOBLE, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "CHAVEZ, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Adams, Foley & Calkins, Albuquerque, for petitioners.", "Lorenzo A. Chavez, Arturo G. Ortega and Melvin L. Robins, Albuquerque, for respondent.", "Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, Robert D. Taichert, Albuquerque, amicus curia;." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "372 P.2d 821\nPaul L. GRAY and Roger Gray, Petitioners, v. Luis E. ARMIJO, Judge of the Fourth Judicial District Court of the State of New Mexico, Respondent.\nNo. 6874.\nSupreme Court of New Mexico.\nJune 18, 1962.\nAdams, Foley & Calkins, Albuquerque, for petitioners.\nLorenzo A. Chavez, Arturo G. Ortega and Melvin L. Robins, Albuquerque, for respondent.\nRodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, Robert D. Taichert, Albuquerque, amicus curia;." }, "file_name": "0245-01", "first_page_order": 277, "last_page_order": 286 }