{ "id": 2771261, "name": "Jack H. KARR et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Alfred M. (Red) DOW et al., Defendants-Appellants", "name_abbreviation": "Karr v. Dow", "decision_date": "1973-01-26", "docket_number": "No. 987", "first_page": "708", "last_page": "712", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "84 N.M. 708" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "507 P.2d 455" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "71 Me. 400", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Me.", "case_ids": [ 8844923 ], "year": 1880, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/me/71/0400-01" ] }, { "cite": "82 N.M. 30", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 5333805 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/82/0030-01" ] }, { "cite": "116 A.L.R. 1070", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "year": 1938, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "15 A.L.R. 3d 1189", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "41 N.M. 308", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1571453 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1937, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "314" }, { "page": "165" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/41/0308-01" ] }, { "cite": "34 N.H. 381", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.H.", "case_ids": [ 4531686 ], "year": 1857, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nh/34/0381-01" ] }, { "cite": "14 L.Ed. 552", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "case_ids": [ 3477915 ], "year": 1852, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/55/0584-01" ] }, { "cite": "20 So. 602", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "So.", "year": 1895, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "111 Ala. 610", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ala.", "case_ids": [ 5581882 ], "year": 1895, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ala/111/0610-01" ] }, { "cite": "227 F.2d 124", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 61910 ], "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/227/0124-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 P. 113", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "year": 1922, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "188 Cal. 199", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal.", "case_ids": [ 2255709 ], "year": 1922, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/cal/188/0199-01" ] }, { "cite": "12 A.L.R. 970", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "year": 1920, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "22 Ariz. 73", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ariz.", "case_ids": [ 4943402 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1920, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ariz/22/0073-01" ] }, { "cite": "249 Ala. 196", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ala.", "case_ids": [ 2450369 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1947, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ala/249/0196-01" ] }, { "cite": "33 Ala.App. 30", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ala. App.", "case_ids": [ 1687696 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1947, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ala-app/33/0030-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 643, "char_count": 14330, "ocr_confidence": 0.66, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.0446031217563963e-07, "percentile": 0.750665772406036 }, "sha256": "4c1b7b999707b9e211b10f4b5555f7465eb256376d93a35c21ef85903d94192d", "simhash": "1:96a71b3fe5bdaf64", "word_count": 2459 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:55:55.751115+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "HENDLEY, J., concurs.", "SUTIN, J., (dissents)." ], "parties": [ "Jack H. KARR et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Alfred M. (Red) DOW et al., Defendants-Appellants." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nWOOD, Chief Judge.\nThe appeal concerns the liability of a Sheriff for the wrongful act of his deputy.\nAfter an automobile accident in Michigan, plaintiffs sued and recovered judgment against Williams in that state. Subsequently, plaintiffs sued Williams in New Mexico. The suit was based on the Michigan judgment. Summary judgment was entered in favor of Williams in New Mexico on the basis that no service had been made on Williams in the Michigan suit. Purported service in the Michigan suit had been made by defendant Lopez.\nPlaintiffs then sued Lopez, Sheriff Dow and the Sheriff\u2019s bonding company alleging Lopez had made a false return of service in the Michigan case and that by the time the false return was discovered the Statute of Limitations had run on their Michigan claim against Williams. Plaintiffs sought damages against Lopez, Dow and the bonding company for the amount of the Michigan judgment lost because of the false return of service. Judgment was obtained against all defendants. Dow and the bonding company appeal; Lopez did not appeal.\nIn 1968, Lopez served as a deputy under Sheriff Wilson. Under Sheriff Wilson, he served papers which came to the Sheriff\u2019s office for service. There is evidence that Sheriff Wilson approved of this practice.\nIn August, 1968 summons and complaint in the Michigan case were sent to the Sheriff\u2019s office with the request that they be served on Williams. Lopez obtained these papers through the Sheriff\u2019s office but was unable to make service. Lopez\u2019 letter, in September, 1968, which named his charge for the attempted service, identifies Lopez both as a process server and a deputy sheriff. The address used by Lopez in this letter was in fact his home address but there is nothing in the letter to indicate this was not the address of the Sheriff\u2019s office to whom the papers had been originally sent. The fee for the attempted service was sent to Deputy Sheriff Lopez.\nIn January, 1969 the Michigan attorneys sent papers for service on Williams, giving a new address for Williams. These papers were sent to Deputy Sheriff Lopez at his home address. Lopez, by letter, indicated he had served Williams on January 13, 1969. Neither the letter, nor the return of service executed by Lopez, identifies him as a deputy sheriff. The return is made by Lopez as \u201ca person of suitable age and discretion.\u201d See \u00a7 21-1-1 (4) (e)(1) and (4) (m), N.M.S.A.1953 (Repl.Vol. 4). The letter, which sets forth Lopez\u2019 charges for the service, identifies Lopez as a process server. The reply from Michigan, enclosing payment for the charge, is addressed to Lopez as a process server.\nIt was the purported service on January 13, 1969 which was determined to be false. Dow had succeeded Wilson as Sheriff oh January 1, 1969. Lopez was a deputy sheriff under Dow at the time of the false service.\nThe findings and conclusions of the trial court indicate four possible theories for holding Sheriff Dow and his bonding company liable for the false return of service by Lopez. They are: principal-agent; master-servant; Lopez\u2019 action was by virtue of his office; Lopez was acting under color of his office.\nNew Mexico has no statute setting forth the liability of the Sheriff for the acts of his deputy. Accordingly, we look to the common law for the basis of that liability. Because of the numerous decisions and the variations in stating the common law rule, we do not cite individual cases. Numerous decisions are listed in the general authority which we cite. The general authority is to the effect that liability is not based on any principal-agent or master-servant concept; rather, the Sheriff has been held liable for the actions of his deputy undertaken by virtue of the deputy\u2019s office [in which the Sheriff placed the deputy, see \u00a7 15-40-9, N.M.S.A.1953 (Repl.Vol. 3)], or because the deputy acted under color of office, or on either of these grounds. Annot. 15 A.L.R. 3d 1189, \u00a7 2 at 1191 (1967); Annot. 116 A.L.R. 1070 (1938) ; 47 Am.Jur. Sheriffs, Police, and Constables \u00a7 158 (1943); 80 C.J.S. Sheriffs and Constables \u00a7 55 (1953).\nThe distinction between \u201cvirtue of office\u201d and \u201ccolor of office\u201d is explained in 1 Anderson on Sheriffs \u00a7 48 (1941). Acts done by virtue of office are those within the authority of the officer when properly performed but which are performed improperly. Acts done under color of the office are those which are outside or beyond the authority conferred by the office. As to the distinction between these concepts, Anderson, supra, \u00a7 62, states: \u201c . What constitutes acting by virtue of office and under color of office is divisible by a line of fine distinction. . . .\u201d Anderson, supra, \u00a7 62, states there is substantial authority for restricting the liability of the Sheriff to acts of his deputies done by virtue of office, but also states that the weight of authority \u201c. . . seems to be now that the sheriff is liable not only for acts virtute officii but also for acts colore officii. . . .\u201d\nWe do not choose between these concepts because it is unnecessary to do so in this case. We proceed on the assumption that Sheriff Dow is liable for wrongful acts of Deputy Lopez if those acts were done either by virtue of the office of deputy or under color of that office. Proceeding on that assumption, we do not reach the contention, of Dow and the bonding company, that under modern authority the liability of a Sheriff for the wrongs of his deputy is less than under the common law.\nIf Dow is to be liable because Lopez\u2019 false return was by virtue of Lopez being Dow\u2019s deputy, the judgment is wrong. The unchallenged finding of the trial court is that Lopez\u2019 position was that of a patrol officer in the criminal division of the Sheriff\u2019s office. The evidence is uncontradicted that patrol officers had not been authorized to serve civil process. The trial court found that Dow had verbally ordered that legal papers in civil actions were to be served by officers in the civil division and not to be served by patrol officers in the criminal division. In so finding, the trial court added \u201c . but it is undetermined whether this order was given before or after January 13, 1969.\u201d This addition does not aid the plaintiffs for they had the burden of establishing that service of civil process was within the authority of Deputy Lopez. See \u00a7 15-40-11, N.M.S.A.1953 (Repl.Vol. 3); Novak v. Dow, 82 N.M. 30, 474 P.2d 712 (Ct.App.1970).\nThere is no evidence that service of civil process was within Lopez\u2019 authority as a deputy under Dow. Lopez himself did not claim such authority; he assumed he could do so because that was the practice under Sheriff Wilson. Such an assumption is insufficient to support a determination that Lopez had authority to serve civil process under Dow.\nThe remaining basis for liability is that Lopez acted under color of his office as deputy. Seemingly, this was the principal basis of the trial court\u2019s decision. There are findings to the following effect: (a) No distinction was ever made to plaintiffs between the function of Lopez as process server and deputy sheriff, (b) Plaintiffs were led to believe they were dealing with the Sheriff\u2019s office and with Lopez in his official capacity as deputy sheriff. The evidence and inferences therefrom do not support these findings insofar as Dow is concerned. The absence of a distinction between process server and deputy sheriff occurred under Sheriff Wilson. Plaintiffs were led to believe they were dealing with the Sheriff\u2019s office and Lopez in his official capacity as deputy sheriff when Wilson was Sheriff. These findings are not based on events which occurred when Dow was Sheriff.\nThe trial court also found that Lopez acted under color of his office. The finding has no support in the evidence insofar as Dow is concerned.\nThe actions of Lopez in connection with the false return were identified as being in the capacity as process server; these were his letter charging for the false return; and the false return itself. Plaintiffs paid Lopez as a process server. The \u201ccolor of office\u201d action by Lopez occurred under Wilson; there is no evidence that Lopez\u2019 action in connection with the false return of service was under the color of his office as deputy under Sheriff Dow.\nLopez made a false return while Dow\u2019s deputy. This wrong is not chargeable to Dow either on the theory that Lopez acted by virtue of his office or under color of his office because plaintiffs did not prove that service of civil process was within Lopez\u2019 authority as Dow\u2019s deputy, and the purported service was not made under the color of the office of deputy sheriff under Dow. Dow is not to be held liable for \u201cvirtue of office\u201d or \u201ccolor of office\u201d acts of a deputy sheriff, unless those acts occurred under him. See Barden v. Douglass, 71 Me. 400 (1880); Anderson, supra, \u00a7 64. Since Dow is not liable, his bonding company is not liable.\nThe judgment against Dow and Maryland Casualty Company is reversed. The cause is remanded with instructions to enter a new judgment consistent with this opinion.\nIt is so ordered.\nHENDLEY, J., concurs.\nSUTIN, J., (dissents).", "type": "majority", "author": "WOOD, Chief Judge." }, { "text": "SUTIN, Judge\n(dissenting).\nIt is a sad commentary in these days to make the innocent public suffer for the wrongful act of a deputy sheriff.\nThe sheriff is a public officer elected by the people. Section 15-40-1, N.M.S.A.1953 (Repl. Vol. 3). In addition to being a conservator of the peace within the county, \u00a7 15-40-2, supra, he is authorized to serve summons and copy of complaint with proof thereof by certificate. Section 21-1-1(4)(e)(1), N.M.S.A.1953 (Repl. Vol. 4). To protect the public, he must give an official bond conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties. Section 5-1-13, N.M.S.A.1953 (Repl. Vol. 2, Supp.1971). He has the power to appoint deputies, \u00a7 15-40-9, supra, and deputies are authorized to discharge all the duties which belong to the office of the sheriff. Section 15-40-11, supra.\nThe deputy is the alter ego of the sheriff. Jefferson County v. Dockerty, 33 Ala.App. 30, 30 So.2d 469, aff. 249 Ala. 196, 30 So.2d 474 (1947). The sheriff has a duty to exercise reasonable care in the selection of his deputies, and, if the deputy acts in the performance of his duties and damages an innocent party to a lawsuit, he acts in virtue of his office, and the sheriff is liable. The sheriff\u2019s lack of knowledge is immaterial. Miles v. Wright, 22 Ariz. 73, 194 P. 88, 12 A.L.R. 970 (1920).\nThe sheriff has no power to limit the authority of a general deputy. The deputy acts in the private service of the sheriff and is only a public officer through him. The sheriff is liable for the deputy\u2019s acts as if they had been done by himself. Michel v. Smith, 188 Cal. 199, 205 P. 113 (1922); Lewis v. Brautigam, 227 F.2d 124 (5th Cir. 1955).\nThe sheriff and his deputy cannot have secret understandings that the deputy shall serve in the criminal instead of the civil division to save face with the public. All such efforts are abortive, and all understandings between them are void. The public has the right to assume that the deputy has all the powers incident to the office of the sheriff. The public has the right to require of him the exercise of those powers in its behalf. If the deputy acts wrongfully by failing to serve a summons and complaint, Rogers v. Carroll, 111 Ala. 610, 20 So. 602 (1895); see, Walker v. Robbins, 14 Howard (U.S.) 584, 14 L.Ed. 552 (1852), or where the deputy\u2019s return of a writ is false, Clough v. Monroe, 34 N.H. 381 (1857), the sheriff is civilly liable.\nIn New Mexico, sureties are liable for wrongful acts done virtute officii or colore officii because \"the. public interests will be more surely protected ... by the establishment of such rule.\u201d The distinction was quoted from an Oregon case in State v. Roy, 41 N.M. 308, 314, 68 P.2d 162, 165 (1937), as follows:\n\u201c . . . Acts done virtute officii are where they arc within the authority of the officer, but in doing it he exercises that authority improperly, or abuses the confidence which the law reposes in him, whilst acts done colore officii are where they are of such a nature that his office gives him no authority to do them.\u201d\nDow was sheriff on January 1, 1969, and Lopez was a deputy sheriff under Dow at the time of the false service. On January 8, 1969, plaintiff\u2019s attorney mailed two summonses and a complaint to Lopez as deputy sheriff, and requested he serve them, but service was never made by Lopez or anyone else, to the damage of plaintiff. Plaintiff has a right to assume Lopez had the power to serve the summons and complaint, and the right to require of him the exercise of that power on plaintiff\u2019s behalf. Lopez stands in the shoes of Dow. It makes no difference that Lopez exercised his authority improperly or the sheriff gave him no authority to serve the summons and complaint. If Dow had made a false return, no question of his liability would have arisen. Unquestionably Dow is liable for the wrongful conduct of Lopez.\nWe should not be concerned whether Lopez was a patrol officer in the criminal division or a process server. Plaintiff and the public did not know that fact. By what right can a sheriff privately designate a general deputy to look solely for stolen chickens and yet be free of liability for all wrongful acts committed by the deputy in the discharge of all the duties belonging to the sheriff? Under Health Protection, \u00a7\u00a7 12-3-1 to 12-3-40, N.M.S. A.1953 (Repl.Vol. 3), if the sheriff sent a deputy who was a process server to preserve the health of the public, and the deputy falsely reported he performed to the injury of a person or the public, should the sheriff be granted freedom from liability? Of course not. Other statutory examples can be given.\nThe rule adopted in the majority opinion would condemn the letter and spirit of the statutes. It would penalize the public for the wrongful acts of a public servant.\nThis case should be affirmed.", "type": "dissent", "author": "SUTIN, Judge" } ], "attorneys": [ "James Brandenburg, Dist. Atty., William J. Bingham, Asst. Dist. Atty., Vance Mauney, Sp. Asst. Dist. Atty., Albuquerque, for appellants.", "William K. Stratvert, Keleher & McLeod, Albuquerque, for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "507 P.2d 455\nJack H. KARR et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Alfred M. (Red) DOW et al., Defendants-Appellants.\nNo. 987.\nCourt of Appeals of New Mexico.\nJan. 26, 1973.\nCertiorari Denied March 2, 1973.\nJames Brandenburg, Dist. Atty., William J. Bingham, Asst. Dist. Atty., Vance Mauney, Sp. Asst. Dist. Atty., Albuquerque, for appellants.\nWilliam K. Stratvert, Keleher & McLeod, Albuquerque, for appellees." }, "file_name": "0708-01", "first_page_order": 864, "last_page_order": 868 }