{ "id": 1573159, "name": "STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Lorenzo NAJAR, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Najar", "decision_date": "1980-02-19", "docket_number": "No. 4107", "first_page": "193", "last_page": "198", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "94 N.M. 193" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "608 P.2d 169" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "91 N.M. 670", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1571091 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/91/0670-01" ] }, { "cite": "85 N.M. 204", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2777405 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/85/0204-01" ] }, { "cite": "40 N.M. 128", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 8841437 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1935, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/40/0128-01" ] }, { "cite": "39 N.M. 271", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1573443 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1935, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/39/0271-01" ] }, { "cite": "46 N.M. 302", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1563084 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1942, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/46/0302-01" ] }, { "cite": "36 N.M. 284", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1586533 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1932, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/36/0284-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 P. 846", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "year": 1921, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "27 N.M. 594", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 8843029 ], "year": 1921, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/27/0594-01" ] }, { "cite": "90 N.M. 377", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2867947 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/90/0377-01" ] }, { "cite": "194 P. 869", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "year": 1921, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "26 N.M. 482", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 8842577 ], "year": 1921, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/26/0482-01" ] }, { "cite": "89 N.M. 770", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2867174 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/89/0770-01" ] }, { "cite": "85 N.M. 295", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2770810 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/85/0295-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 N.M. 351", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2823467 ], "weight": 4, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/86/0351-01" ] }, { "cite": "147 P. 457", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "year": 1915, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "20 N.M. 190", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 4713693 ], "year": 1915, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/20/0190-01" ] }, { "cite": "161 P. 1108", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "year": 1916, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "22 N.M. 319", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 4727359 ], "year": 1916, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/22/0319-01" ] }, { "cite": "183 P. 433", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "year": 1919, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "25 N.M. 395", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 4733271 ], "year": 1919, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/25/0395-01" ] }, { "cite": "91 N.M. 445", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1571098 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/91/0445-01" ] }, { "cite": "568 P.2d 1233", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 2867153 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/90/0787-01" ] }, { "cite": "90 N.M. 787", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2872120, 2867153 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/90/0787-02", "/nm/90/0787-01" ] }, { "cite": "89 N.M. 150", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2868394 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/89/0150-01" ] }, { "cite": "90 N.M. 303", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2869895 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/90/0303-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 N.M. 336", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1557046 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/92/0336-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 672, "char_count": 16520, "ocr_confidence": 0.813, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.7147794556051723e-07, "percentile": 0.7029249581732371 }, "sha256": "038678edbd8a7b973ea239cff5968e0f021188226f820332c47ff40f84a77f4d", "simhash": "1:a37c40223a4fbad2", "word_count": 2747 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:18:16.712923+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "HENDLEY and ANDREWS, JJ., concur." ], "parties": [ "STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Lorenzo NAJAR, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nWOOD, Chief Judge.\nDefendant appeals his conviction of second degree murder. Issues listed in the docketing statement, but not briefed, were abandoned. State v. Gallegos, 92 N.M. 336, 587 P.2d 1347 (Ct.App.1978). We discuss: (1)issues not included in the docketing statement; (2) requested defense instructions; and (3) the trial court\u2019s duty to instruct in a criminal case, absent a request to instruct.\nThe party began at the residence of Victor Baca. During that party, Michael Fuentes and Vincent Baca had a fight. Michael left.\nThe party moved to defendant\u2019s house. Michael returned to the party with his brother Jerry and his father, Domingo Fuentes. An altercation occurred between these three and Victor and Vincent Baca. During this altercation some shooting occurred. There is testimony that Victor shot Domingo in the leg and that Domingo shot Victor in the leg. This altercation occurred outside defendant\u2019s house. Defendant was not present during the Baca-Fuentes altercation; he was inside the house.\nAfter the initial shootings, defendant came out of his house with a gun. The evidence as to his activities will be referred to subsequently. However, it is undisputed that defendant fired his gun. A permissible inference from the evidence is that a bullet from defendant\u2019s gun struck, and killed, Jerry Fuentes.\nIssues Not Included in the Docketing Statement\nDefendant requested instructions concerning defense of habitation, self-defense, defense of another and the right to stand one\u2019s ground. See U.J.I. Crim. 41.40, 41.41, 41.42 and 41.60. Defendant\u2019s brief argues that the trial court erred in refusing each of these requested instructions.\nDefendant\u2019s docketing statement, prepared by the trial attorney, asserts the trial court erred in refusing-two of the requested instructions- \u2014 on self-defense and defense of habitation. The docketing statement does not complain of the refusal to instruct on defense of another and the right to stand one\u2019s ground. The appellate attorney thus asserts error in the refusal of two instructions about which the trial attorney had no complaint.\nN.M.Crim.App. 501(a)(2) provides that the brief shall contain a statement of the issues \u201cwhich shall be limited to the issues designated in the docketing statement[.]\u201d N.M. Crim.App. 501(a)(4) provides that argument in the brief shall be \u201cwith respect to each issue presented * * The brief-in-chief, filed by defendant\u2019s appellate attorney, violated these rules.\nSupreme Court decisions interpreting the criminal appellate rules have not condoned rule violations. N.M.Crim.App. 102 authorizes, for rule violations, a refusal to consider the offending party\u2019s contentions. Olguin v. State, 90 N.M. 303, 563 P.2d 97 (1977). State v. Vogenthaler, 89 N.M. 150, 548 P.2d 112 (Ct.App.1976) held that issues not included in the docketing statement will not be considered. Compare Melon v. State, 90 N.M. 787, 568 P.2d 1233 (1977); State v. Jacobs, 91 N.M. 445, 575 P.2d 954 (Ct.App.1978).\nThe trial court\u2019s refusal of requested instructions on defense of another and the right to stand one\u2019s ground will not be considered.\nRequested Defense Instructions\nThe requested instruction on defense of habitation was properly refused because there is no evidence that defendant shot in defense of his habitation.\nThere is some evidence concerning self-defense but it was insufficient for submission of self-defense to the jury.\nThe evidence most favorable to a self-defense instruction was in the statement of defendant introduced by the State. Defendant heard the shots from the BacaFuentes altercation. He went outside and saw what was happening, fetched his gun from the house and fired two shots. He shot in the direction of Domingo Fuentes. He did not know whether he hit Domingo \u201cbecause everybody was shooting like that and, you know, in all different ways * He did not know if he was aware of what was happening during the shooting \u2014 \u201cI was kind of drunk.\u201d Domingo shot first and barely missed the defendant, but \u201cI don\u2019t know if I was shooting at him [Domingo] or not * * Asked if he was trying to shoot Domingo, defendant replied: \u201cNo, I wasn\u2019t trying to. I don\u2019t know how to shoot.\u201d\nIn defining a killing in self-defense, U.J.I. Crim. 41.41 requires that there be an appearance of immediate danger to the defendant; that the defendant, in fact, be put in fear by the apparent danger and that defendant killed because of that fear. See State v. Parks, 25 N.M. 395, 183 P. 433 (1919); State v. Chesher, 22 N.M. 319, 161 P. 1108 (1916); State v. Vansickel, 20 N.M. 190, 147 P. 457 (1915).\nDefendant\u2019s statement is evidence of apparent danger; Domingo fired first. However, there is neither evidence nor inference that defendant was put in fear by the apparent danger or that defendant shot because of fear. The self-defense instruction was properly refused.\nTrial Court\u2019s Duty to Instruct\nNeither the prosecution nor the defense requested an instruction on voluntary manslaughter. Defense counsel informed the trial court that the defense did not desire an instruction on voluntary manslaughter. The trial court then questioned both defendant and his counsel concerning such an instruction, explaining there was sufficient evidence for a voluntary manslaughter instruction; Both defendant and counsel stated they did not desire such an instruction.\nNo voluntary manslaughter instruction was given. Defendant\u2019s appellate lawyer contends that the failure to instruct on voluntary manslaughter was jurisdictional error which may be raised for the first time on appeal. This contention disregards the meaning of \u201cjurisdictional\u201d error. Defendant was before the trial court which had authority over the offense charged and authority to proceed in the matter. Thus, there was no absence of \u201cjurisdiction\u201d in the traditional sense. See State v. Urban, 86 N.M. 351, 524 P.2d 523 (Ct.App.1974).\nThe \u201cjurisdictional\u201d claim involves the sufficiency of the instructions as to the crime charged. \u201c[F]ailure to properly instruct on all of the essential elements of the crime charged is jurisdictional and may be raised for the first time on appeal.\u201d State v. Gunzelman, 85 N.M. 295, 512 P.2d 55 (1973). The crime charged, in the jury instructions, was murder in the second degree, something different from voluntary manslaughter. Compare \u00a7\u00a7 30-2\u20141 and 30-2-3, N.M.S.A.1978; Smith v. State, 89 N.M. 770, 558 P.2d 39 (1976).\nThis issue does not involve \u201cjurisdictional\u201d error; it does however raise an issue as to the trial court\u2019s duty to instruct in a criminal case when not requested to do so. There are two answers to the claim that the trial court erred in failing to instruct on voluntary manslaughter. The first answer is that, assuming a duty to instruct, defendant waived any error. The second answer is that under current requirements, the trial court had no duty to instruct on voluntary manslaughter unless requested to do so.\n1. Waiver\nState v. Smith, 26 N.M. 482, 194 P. 869 (1921) states \u201cthat the court must instruct in every degree of the crime charged when there is evidence in the case tending to sustain such degree.\u201d See State v. King, 90 N.M. 377, 563 P.2d 1170 (Ct.App.1977). In the subsequent discussion on duty to instruct, we point out that this requirement depends on rules applicable to the particular case. At this point we assume a duty to instruct.\nState v. Trujillo, 27 N.M. 594, 203 P. 846 (1921) states:\nThere should be no practical difficulty in the administration of the rule that instructions should be limited to the degree of the crime shown by the evidence. It is within the province of the court to submit to the counsel for the state and for the defendant in every case the question as to what degree should be submitted to the jury. When thus called upon by the court it is their duty to speak, and a refusal by counsel for defendant to take a position upon the matter will amount to a waiver of the error of the court in that regard, if error shall occur. It will be available error only in case the court fails to agree with counsel as to the proper scope of the instructions.\nHere, defendant did not refuse to take a position, which would have been a waiver. Defendant took the position that no voluntary manslaughter instruction should be given, which was a waiver. State v. Diaz, 36 N.M. 284, 13 P.2d 883 (1932) indicates that waiver could not exist when there was a duty to instruct on certain degrees of homicide. This holding was repudiated in State v. Garcia, 46 N.M. 302, 128 P.2d 459 (1942). Assuming the trial court had a duty to instruct on voluntary manslaughter, defendant waived any error based on the failure to instruct by taking the position that no such instruction should be given. This holding, of waiver, is independent of the requirements of Rule of Crim.Proc. 41.\n2. Duty to Instruct\nThe duty to instruct rule, on which defendant relies, is stated in State v. Diaz, supra:\nOrdinarily, instructions given are the law of the case, and cannot be complained of unless the accused objected to those given, or requested others. This applies to a failure to submit involuntary manslaughter. But, the erroneous failure to submit second degree murder or voluntary manslaughter will require a new trial, even though the accused has not objected in any way to the omission. While this result may not be entirely logical, it is not entirely without reasonable support * *.\nThe holding in State v. Diaz, supra, was reached after considering the relationship of two items: (1) a \u201cstatute\u201d which made it the duty of the trial court, in all cases, to instruct the jury as to the law of the case; and (2) the rule that errors not brought to the attention of the trial court may not be relied on in the appellate court. Diaz resolved the relationship by a special rule for murder and voluntary manslaughter only. The general rule that the matter must be brought to the attention of the trial court continued to apply except for murder in the first or second degree and voluntary manslaughter. Where those three charges were involved, the trial court had a duty to instruct, whether or not requested.\nState v. Simpson, 39 N.M. 271, 46 P.2d 49 (1935) characterized the result in State v. Diaz, supra, as an unsatisfactory conclusion reached upon conflicting \u201clines of decision\u201d and upon \u201cpeculiar statutes;\u201d that the \u201cstatute\u201d in State v. Diaz, supra, had been revised. The revision was a rule requiring, for the preservation of error, either an objection to the instructions given or the tender of a correct instruction in the case of a failure to instruct. See State v. Hall, 40 N.M. 128, 55 P.2d 740 (1935).\nAlthough the decision in State v. Diaz, supra, seems to have been premised on fundamental error, State v. Garcia, supra, rejected the \u201cfundamental error\u201d approach and held that the rule adopted subsequent to the Diaz decision was controlling; \u201cthe right that an accused has to have a jury instructed on the law of the case is controlled by * * * [the rule].\u201d\nThe decision in State v. Garcia, supra, that the right of an accused to instructions is controlled by rule, is still the applicable law. The rule which required either an objection to an instruction given, or the tender of a correct instruction when there was a failure to instruct, continued in effect until the adoption of the rules of criminal procedure. See \u00a7 21\u20141\u20141(51)(2)(h), N.M.S. A.1953 (Supp.1969) and Per curiam Order of the Supreme Court dated May 3, 1972, which repealed prior procedural rules and adopted the rules of criminal procedure.\nAs adopted in 1972, Rule of Crim.Proc. 41 provided:\n(a) The court must instruct the jury upon all questions of law necessary for guidance in returning a verdict.\n******\n(g) Except as provided in paragraph (a) of this rule, for the preservation of error in the charge, objection to any instruction given must be sufficient to alert the mind of the court to the claimed vice therein, or, in case of failure to instruct on any issue, a correct written instruction must be tendered before the jury is instructed.\nRule of Crim.Proc. 41(a), as originally adopted, modified the rule discussed in State v. Garcia, supra, and required the trial court to instruct \u201cupon all questions of law necessary for guidance in returning a verdict\u201d without regard to whether counsel objected or tendered an instruction. \u201c[Qjuestions of law necessary for guidance\u201d included instruction on the essential elements of the crime charged, State v. Puga, 85 N.M. 204, 510 P.2d 1075 (Ct.App.1973), but did not include definition instructions. State v. Urban, supra.\nThe full meaning of Rule of Crim.Proc. 41(a), as originally adopted, had not been litigated before it was amended in 1975. The amended rule applies in this case. The Committee Commentary to Rule of Crim. Proc. 41(a), as originally adopted, states that the rule \u201cis limited to those instructions which are essential to the return of a verdict.\u201d This limited view was clarified by the 1975 amendment.\nRule of Crim.Proc. 41(a), after amendment in 1975, provided:\nThe court must instruct the jury upon all questions of law essential for a conviction of the crime or crimes submitted to the jury.\nThe provisions of original Rule of Crim. Proc. 41(g) were carried forward into the amended rule as Rule of Crim.Proc. 41(d).\nThe Committee Commentary to the amended Rule 41(a) states:\nRule 41(a), codifying prior court decisions, requires the district court to instruct the jury on the law essential for a conviction of the crimes submitted to the jury even if no requested instructions are presented by the parties. (Our emphasis.)\nState v. Gunzelman, supra, is cited in support of the commentary. Gunzelman holds that the trial court must instruct on all of the essential elements of the crime charged. The Gunzelman holding was applied in State v. Bender, 91 N.M. 670, 579 P.2d 796 (1978). Bender states that amended Rule of Crim.Proc. 41(a) \u201crequires the trial court to instruct the jury on the law essential for a conviction of the crime submitted to the jury even if no requested instruction is tendered.\u201d\nIn summary:\n1. The special rule adopted in State v. Diaz, supra, for instructions in murder and voluntary manslaughter cases, was repudiated in State v. Garcia, supra, and has never been revived. In connection with mandatory instructions in criminal cases, there is no distinction based on the type of criminal offense.\n2. The fundamental error approach adopted in State v. Diaz, supra, was rejected in State v. Garcia, supra. The Garcia rule is the applicable law \u2014 whether error occurred in connection with the instructions depends on the applicable rule.\n' 3. The applicable rule is Rule of Crim.Proc. 41(a), as amended in 1975. This rule imposes a duty upon the trial court to instruct upon the law essential for a conviction of the crime submitted to the jury, whether or not requested to do so. State v. Bender, supra. The rule, as worded, applies to \u201cthe crime or crimes submitted to the jury.\u201d As worded, the rule does not apply to lesser degrees of the crime submitted or to lesser included offenses. A party must, under Rule of Crim.Proc. 41(d), request an instruction on lesser degrees or lesser included offenses to claim error if the trial court fails to instruct on lesser crimes. To hold otherwise would be contrary not only to the wording of the rule, but contrary to decisional history concerning the trial court\u2019s mandatory duty to instruct.\n4. In this case, the trial court submitted the crime of murder in the second degree to the jury. The trial court had a duty, even in absence of a request, to instruct on the law essential for a conviction of murder in the second degree. There is no claim that the trial court failed to properly instruct on the crime submitted.\n5. The trial court had no duty to instruct on voluntary manslaughter unless requested. Defendant did not request a voluntary manslaughter instruction. Fundamental error is not involved; the evidence sustains the verdict of guilt for second degree murder and it does not shock our conscience to let the conviction stand. State v. Urban, supra.\nThe judgment and sentence are affirmed.\nIT IS SO ORDERED.\nHENDLEY and ANDREWS, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "WOOD, Chief Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "William H. Lazar, Espa\u00f1ola, for defendant-appellant.", "Jeff Bingaman, .Atty. Gen., Frank A. Murray, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for plaintiff-appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "608 P.2d 169\nSTATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Lorenzo NAJAR, Defendant-Appellant.\nNo. 4107.\nCourt of Appeals of New Mexico.\nFeb. 19, 1980.\nWilliam H. Lazar, Espa\u00f1ola, for defendant-appellant.\nJeff Bingaman, .Atty. Gen., Frank A. Murray, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for plaintiff-appellee." }, "file_name": "0193-01", "first_page_order": 229, "last_page_order": 234 }